Introduction : standing on the shoulders of giants / Mary Jo Fresch Reading in perspective / Patricia A. Alexander and Emily Fox History of phonics instruction / Barbara Walker A 50-year view of family literacy / Nancy Padak and Terry Kindervater Guided reading, then and now / Michael P. Ford and Michael F. Opitz Reading comprehension : an evolution of theory, research, and practice / Maureen McLaughlin Fluency / Timothy V. Rasinski and Maryann Mraz Content area reading : a 50-year history / Judy Richardson Children's literature and reading / Janet H. Hickman Remedial and clinical reading / Sandra McCormick and Judy Braithwaite Changing perspectives on word knowledge : spelling and vocabulary / Jerry Zutell Teacher education and professional development in reading / Donna Ogle